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Composers frequently provide indications that specify how loudly or how softly a performer is to play or sing which affect the volume of the music. Different levels of volume in music are notated with dynamic markings. Just as with tempo markings, dynamic markings are frequently based on Italian words. Some of the common dynamic signs are included in Table 1-2.
Table 1-2 Common Dynamic Symbols
Symbol | Italian | English |
---|---|---|
ff | fortissimo | very loud |
f | forte | loud |
mf | mezzo forte | moderately loud |
mp | mezzo piano | moderately soft |
p | piano | soft |
pp | pianissimo | very soft |
< | crescendo | gradually louder |
> | decrescendo | gradually softer |